IT courses such as Java Full Stack and Python Full Stack teach the skills needed to build complete web applications, covering both front-end and back-end technologies. Data Science focuses on extracting insights from large datasets using machine learning, statistics, and programming. Data Analytics involves analyzing data to help businesses make informed decisions through statistical analysis and visualization.

• Introduction to Python & Basics:
  Python setup, writing the first program, understanding data types (int, float, string, boolean), and type conversion.

• Operators & Control Flow:
  Arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, and membership operators; control flow with if-else statements, loops (for, while), and loop control (break, continue).

• Functions & Data Structures:
  Defining functions, parameters, return values, lambda functions; working with data structures: lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets.

• String Handling & File Operations:
  String methods, string formatting, and reading/writing files.

• Object-Oriented Programming & Exception Handling:
  Classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism; error handling with try, except, and finally blocks.

• Introduction to Java & Basics:

  • Java setup, first program, data types, variables, type conversion
  • Operators: arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise

• Control Flow & Functions:

  • Conditional statements (if, else, switch)
  • Loops (for, while, do-while), loop control (break, continue)
  • Functions (methods), method overloading, passing arguments

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

  • Classes, objects, constructors, instance and class variables
  • Inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, encapsulation

• Arrays, Collections & Generics:

  • Working with arrays, multidimensional arrays
  • Collections framework (List, Set, Map), and Generics

• Exception Handling & File I/O:

  • Handling exceptions with try, catch, throw, throws, and finally
  • File I/O operations, reading/writing files using Java streams

1. Java Exception Handling

• Overview of Exceptions (Checked vs Unchecked)
• try, catch, finally, throw, and throws
• Custom Exceptions and Exception chaining
• Handling multiple exceptions
• Advanced Exception Handling techniques (logging, re-throwing)

2. Java Multithreading and Concurrency

• Introduction to Threads and the Thread class
• Thread lifecycle and states
• Creating threads using Runnable and Callable
• Synchronization techniques and thread safety
• Locks, ReentrantLock, and Deadlock prevention
• Thread pools using ExecutorService
• Concurrency utilities: CountDownLatch, CyclicBarrier, Semaphore

3. Java I/O (Input/Output)

• Overview of Streams (Byte vs Character Streams)
• File handling: FileReader, FileWriter, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter
• Serialization and Deserialization
• Java NIO (New I/O) concepts: Buffers, Channels, Selectors
• File operations with Path and Files in NIO
• Asynchronous I/O with AsynchronousFileChannel

4. Java Networking

• Sockets and TCP/UDP communication
• Client-Server architecture in Java
• Java Networking API (Socket, ServerSocket, URL)
• HTTP and RESTful services using Java
• Using URLConnection and HttpURLConnection

5. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

• Introduction to JDBC
• Establishing connections with databases
• CRUD operations using JDBC (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
• Batch processing and transactions in JDBC
• Prepared Statements for secure database queries
• Connection Pooling (e.g., HikariCP, Apache DBCP)

6. Java Collections Framework

• Core Interfaces: List, Set, Queue, Map
• Implementations: ArrayList, HashSet, LinkedList, HashMap
• Sorting and Searching with Collections
• Navigable collections (TreeSet, TreeMap)
• Generics and Type Safety
• Concurrent collections (CopyOnWriteArrayList, ConcurrentHashMap)

7. Java Reflection API

• Introduction to Reflection
• Inspecting classes, methods, and fields at runtime
• Dynamic method invocation
• Creating dynamic proxies
• Annotations and their use with Reflection

8. Java Lambda Expressions and Stream API

• Introduction to Lambda expressions
• Functional interfaces (Predicate, Function, Consumer, Supplier)
• The Stream API: map, filter, reduce, and collectors
• Parallel streams and performance considerations
• Method references and Optional class

9. Java Memory Management and Garbage Collection

• Understanding JVM Memory structure (Heap, Stack, Method Area)
• Garbage Collection process and types of collectors (Serial, Parallel, G1)
• Memory leaks and optimization techniques
• JVM tuning for performance

10. Java Design Patterns

• Introduction to Design Patterns
• Creational Patterns: Singleton, Factory, Abstract Factory, Builder
• Structural Patterns: Adapter, Decorator, Composite, Proxy
• Behavioral Patterns: Observer, Strategy, Command, Chain of Responsibility
• Implementation of design patterns in Java

11. Java Web Development (Servlets and JSP)

• Introduction to Servlets and their lifecycle
• Handling HTTP requests and responses in Servlets
• JSP (JavaServer Pages): Dynamic content generation
• Session management in web applications
• Java Web Application deployment

12. Java Frameworks Overview

• Introduction to popular Java frameworks:
  • Spring Framework: Dependency Injection, AOP, Spring Boot
  • Hibernate ORM: ORM basics, JPA, Entity mappings
  • JavaFX: GUI development for desktop applications
• RESTful Web Services with Spring Boot

13. Java Testing (JUnit & Mockito)

• Introduction to JUnit for unit testing
• Writing test cases and assertions in JUnit
• Test-driven development (TDD) in Java
• Mocking dependencies with Mockito
• Integration and performance testing

• Fundamental Data Structures:

  • Arrays, linked lists (singly, doubly), stacks, queues, hash tables
  • Operations: insertion, deletion, traversal, searching, and sorting

• Trees & Graphs:

  • Binary trees, binary search trees, AVL trees, heap trees
  • Graph representation (adjacency matrix, list), DFS, BFS, shortest path algorithms

• Sorting & Searching Algorithms:

  • Sorting algorithms: Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Merge, Quick, Heap sort
  • Searching algorithms: Linear search, Binary search, Hashing

• Advanced Algorithms & Techniques:

  • Dynamic programming (Fibonacci, Knapsack)
  • Greedy algorithms (Activity selection, Huffman coding)
  • Backtracking (N-Queens, subset sum)

• Complexity Analysis & Problem-Solving:

  • Time and space complexity (Big O notation)
  • Divide and conquer, recursion, and advanced problem-solving strategies

• Introduction to Databases & SQL Basics:

  • Database fundamentals, relational database concepts
  • SQL basics: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY

• Advanced SQL Queries:

  • Joins (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL), subqueries, nested queries
  • Set operations (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT), aggregate functions (COUNT, AVG, SUM)

• Database Design & Normalization:

  • Database schema design, primary and foreign keys
  • Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, denormalization

• PL-SQL Programming:

  • Creating and managing stored procedures, triggers, and functions
  • Exception handling in PL-SQL, cursors, and dynamic SQL

• Advanced Topics & Optimization:

  • Indexing, query optimization, views, and transactions
  • Database security, backup, and recovery strategies